Studies and Techniques for Teaching Children with Autism

There are many diseases and disorders that plague today’s world, but one of the most serious of those disorders is autism. In fact, autism is the third most common developmental disability affecting four hundred thousand people worldwide (Autism Society of America). As of yet there is no treatment for autism, only a variety of dealing with this disorder. Autism is a process disorder of brain function. People with autism have trouble in communication, social interactions and play activities. This disorder makes it difficult for them to connect to the outside world. It is difficult for them to communicate with other people. In some cases people with autism has Aggressive and self injurious behavior. They may represent repeated body movement, such as rocking or hands flapping and unusual speak to people. They also represent sensitivities in the five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Autism usually appears during the first three years and continues throughout life. Introduction There has been a number of studies on the behavior and development of children with Autism. This paper talks about four different types of studies about techniques teaching children with autism such as communication, socialization, cognitive development, and a number of other areas in children. The fist article is applied behavior analysis (ABA), by Ole Ivar Lovaas. The second article is a study called pivotal behaviors (PRT) by Richard Simpson of the University of Kansas. The thirdShow MoreRelatedVideo Modeling As An Effective Intervention Strategy for Instructing Students with ASD1738 Words   |  7 PagesDepartment of Education, autism is defined as a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interactions and verbal and nonverbal communication. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may also display attention deficits, engage in repetitive behaviors, resist environmental changes, have unusual sensory experiences, and may exhibit inappropriate behavi ors that have adverse impacts on educational performance (Delano, 2007). The incidence of children identified with ASD hasRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Paper866 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder first became a diagnosed disorder when it was described by a psychiatrist named, Leo Kanner in 1943. As a result of a study he conducted involving 11 children, he developed a diagnostic criteria based on observations of repetitive, stereotyped behavior with consistent impairment in social interactions (Volden, 2017). Over time however, autism became synonymous with Asperger’s disorder and pervasive developmental disorder that included similar, but widely different diagnosticRead More Teaching Children with Autism Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Children with Autism There has been an increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism or other autism spectrum disorders. It is likely as an educator that you will have at least one child with this diagnosis in your classroom. This paper explores some of the methods used to teach autistic children. Autism is a disorder characterized by significant problems in communication and social functioning. Autism is actually called Autism Spectrum Disorder and encompasses a broad rangeRead More Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract— This paper discusses the potential of using technologies in the diagnosis, study and intervention treatments of autism. The first part of paper introduces background information on autism spectrum disorder. The second part deals with review of literature survey. The third part summarizes our proposed research work on the connected topic. The fourth part concludes our work as whole. Keywords— autism, discrete trail training, applied behaviour analysis, voice output communication aidsRead MorePragmatics Of Individuals With Autism Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesIndividuals with Autism Introduction Children with autism struggle with pragmatics, or social interactions. Pragmatics extend past simply providing social closeness, it also enables social etiquette. Issues of pragmatics can be etiologically tied to issues with expressive or receptive language skills. Social interaction skills and communication skills that are functional to the individual necessitate an intervention approach that treats individuals holistically. The intervention techniques need to treatRead MoreEssay on Behavioral Treatments in Autism1185 Words   |  5 PagesBehavioral Treatments in Autism Outline I. Introduction A. Infantile Autism B. Operant Learning Theory C. Behavior Techniques II. Target Behaviors A. Aberrant Behaviors B. Social Skills C. Language III. Behavioral Techniques A. Aversive Stimuli B. Noncontingent Access to Preferred Stimulus C. Collateral Changes D. Self-Management E. Incidental Teaching IV. Conclusion A. Assessment B. Environment C. Generalization Behavioral Treatments in Autism Through the yearsRead MoreTeaching Elementary Children With Autism1638 Words   |  7 PagesLyons, B. (2012). Teaching Elementary Children with Autism: Addressing Teacher Challenges and Preparation Needs. Rural Educator, 33(2), 27-35. II. Problem 1. How adequate is the current teacher preparation program for preparing general education teachers for teaching children with autism? 2. Scheuermann et al asked, â€Å"If a teacher meets state standards for certification, but has no coursework in or experience with autism, is that teacher highly qualified to teach students with autism?† 3. What challengesRead MoreDefinition Of Applied Behavior Analysis Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Autism is a disease that is being diagnosed today more than ever before. In fact, as of 2014 the statistics for diagnosis of autism are one in sixty-eight children, with diagnosis being much more common in boys (Autism Speaks, 2016a). While there are many theories about what causes autism, there is currently not any proven predictor of what will cause this disease to develop (Landrigan, 2010). Since prevention is not possible at this time, it is extremely beneficial and importantRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreApplied Behavioral Analysis Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesand his or her family. Autism affects all aspects of a child’s life from their ability to show affection to their family to being able to do simple tasks such as communicating and thinking in ways that we take for granted. Autism is defined as a developmental disability in which children experience abnormalities in social functioning, language, often act in puzzling ways, and usually appears before the age of three (Mash Wolfe, 2010). Although the exact causes of autism are unknown there does seem

The Choice to Engage in Athletics is Influenced by Many...

Millions of children engage in different types of physical activities and sports around the world. Being involved in these programs provides many health benefits and aids in life long physical skills. Through participation in sports and physical activities, children gain friendships and learn how to cooperate and interact with other children. Participating and sports also provides openings for children to develop characteristics and values that are beneficial to personal growth as they mature. The choice to engage in athletics is influenced by many different factors. It is well accepted that parents, siblings, peers, teachers, and coaches all play a role in influencing the start, continuation, and discontinuation during adolescent (Fredricks Eccles, 2004). The influences of these individuals can range from simple encouraging and continued participation by taking children to sporting events to teaching values and norms associated with sport participation and physical activity (Fredricks Eccles, 2004). Mothers and fathers are also the ones that generally seek out opportunities, provide equipment and financial support. Researchers consistently identify parents as the initiating sport socialization agents for children (Brustad Partridge, 2001). As children continue their participation in sports, parents serve as models for observational learning, provide experiences, encourage participation in a variety of ways, and help to interpret experiences for their childrenShow MoreR elatedIs Ajit A Better State Of Healthy Eating?1559 Words   |  7 Pagesvegetables, meat; he eats fast food every now and then. Q) Provide an overview of this person’s current state of â€Å"Physical Activity†: Ajit, being an elite level athlete, performs an exquisite level of physical activity. He is extremely active, he engages in numerous training regiments and school sports as well. Besides his involvement in multiple sports at school he completes high intensity resistance training 2 hours a day for 6 days a week. A typical daily workout regimen of Ajit’s consist of:Read MoreRacial Identity And Ethnicity Identity1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthen describe how the aspects of my gender identity and racial identity did and did not influence my leisure and life pursuits. My racial identity and gender identity did not influence much of my leisure and life pursuits in my life, I was mostly influenced by my upbringing. Identity Realization Identity is considered to be defined as a person’s personal sense of themselves, in which describes them for who they are. The development of an individual identity is intrinsically connected withRead MoreThe Importance Of Teaching And Classroom Management1692 Words   |  7 Pages When analysing my observations, there were a number of themes that stood out. However, it was the students that interested me the most. The school is largely multicultural with over 35% of the school population was born outside Australia in 52 different countries. When observing both theory and practical classes, I noticed a wide range of abilities in physical terms including skill and fitness, as well as cognitive abilities. On a number of occasions, I witnessed students lack of engagement withRead MoreNike Just Do It Campaign3535 Words   |  15 Pagesor internal factors. The book also refers to these as locus of control. Nike capitalized on America’s fitness craze by making fitness an in ternal factor as opposed to external. The title of the campaign itself implies that instead of waiting for the â€Å"right† conditions, making fitness a priority is a personal decision. In 2007, Nike released a commercial supporting this campaign entitled Awake. The entire commercial took the viewers on a journey through the morning rituals of different athletes. EveryRead MoreThe Education Of Higher Education1605 Words   |  7 Pagesnation, woven through our culture, beliefs and politics. The best of American Higher Education outstrips any others in the world and the output of American Institutions is unparalleled. To stay competitive and expand the current education horizon, different types of institutions, evolve and prioritize differently to ensure the best education quality to targeted students. However, today Higher Education is facing more challenges and critiques than at any other point in history. Indeed, when encounteringRead More Obesity in America Essay2779 Word s   |  12 Pagesdesperate need for teachers, athletic programs have felt the grunt of this expedition. Now, more than ever, youths in our communities are battling serious problems. Not only are sports and organized athletic programs vital to physical development, but also mental growth and offer children structure and goals. Unfortunately, many schools have to cut back or even eliminate sports/athletic programs due to lack of funding. As the cost of athletic programs increase, many states are forced to pass theRead MoreCMNS 301 Final Essay: Studying Media In The Context of Everyday Life2824 Words   |  12 Pagesdata from other people. Mass Media in the Context of Everyday Life Mass media is almost omnipresent in the modern life. It clearly has a very impactful effect on individuals, however it forces us to wonder just how influential it really is. Many theories have postulated what effects media has, and the extent to which they help shape our values as well as affect us on a daily basis. In order to answer this question, I will create a journal log of the television shows and movies that I watchedRead MoreCommunity Resource Teams and Their Impact on at Risk Youth Essay1978 Words   |  8 Pagesthreats to public safety and address ways this can be prevented. In many communities throughout the United States, police officers strive to build better relationships with community members, yet building relationships with youth within a community, especially a community over run by gangs, crime and drugs is a much tougher issue. These juveniles are at higher risk for entering into the juvenile justice system based on the many risk factors prevalent in their pers onal lives and communities and typicallyRead MoreThe Case Of Laur Final Case Study Analysis2772 Words   |  12 Pagesdefinitely larger than normal with a sense of lack of control. Compensatory behaviors include misuse of laxatives, self-induced vomiting, diuretics, fasting and excessive exercise, (Comer, 2014) . Another key feature is that self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. A person with Bulimia Nervosa often bases how they feel about themselves by what the scale says and how she/he looks in the mirror. In Bulimia Nervosa, this negative self-evaluation and fear of gaining weight can closelyRead MoreTeenager Consumers: Their Characteristics, Roles, and Market4627 Words   |  19 Pageschildren are thought of as victims in the childrens consumption literature (Bristol, 2001). Children were seen as the victims of marketer, advertising, and adults in general. But how children and teenagers behave today, including in consumption, is different from it w as in the past. Their characteristics related to consumption have changed. Now we can see how teenagers involved much in consumption behavior although this experience is relatively ‘new’ for them. However, not only do adolescents represent

Incentives Corporate Tax Planning Reporting -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Incentives Corporate Tax Planning Reporting? Answer: Introduction One of the factors that is going to ensure that an entity remains ahead of its competition in the market in pursuance of carrying out the business operation, is that the entity is adapting to the changes taking place in the market be it in terms of new technology or methodology in carrying out the business activities. Research and development activities within the organisation help it to develop and implement new ways or products in its production method or line of products respectively. It ensures that the company maintains a competitive edge over its competitors[1]. The development of new products or technologies by the business entities not only proves to be beneficial for them but also for the entire society as well. For e.g. if automobile industry develops vehicles which run entirely on electricity, it will not only help the companies to earn more revenue but the society will be able to reduce the usage of fossil fuel thereby reducing the carbon footprint and improving the quali ty of environment. Thus, in order to promote research and development activities by the companies the statute gives many tax incentives in respect of expenditure incurred in this behalf. These incentives are being categorised as RD incentives. The document is focussed on discussion about the various tax incentives offered by the statute and the conditions that need to be fulfilled in order to avail them. Definition of RD: The activities conducted under the tag of Research and Development are investigative in nature. They are the efforts made by an enterprise to improve its current products and services or to develop a new kind of product or service that will enable it to deliver better quality or retain its present quality but with improved way of production[2]. It as an endeavour to utilise the present capacity of the organisation or to improve its capacity of delivering products and services. Tax Incentives Provided In case of companies the Research and development concession that have been allowed before 1 July is up to 125% of the allowed expenditures on the research and development. In some cases the up to 175% of the expenditure can be claimed as deduction. The tax offset is provided by Research and development incentive in order to encourage the companies to engage in the research and development activity[3]. The RD concession has two component: In case of certain entities that are eligible for the RD incentive a refundable tax offset of 43.5% are allowed for companies that have turnover less than 20 million. For non-refundable tax offset 38.5% is allowed for all the eligible entities. The RD tax offset have been reduced to 30% and this changes are applicable after 1 July 2004 up to 1 July 2024[4]. Better operating efficiency of the businesses: In pursuance of finding better ways of doing business or improving the quality of the product the company usually finds out for itself some new improved and efficient manner of operating. For e.g. if the company did a research on how to minimise the use of coal in its production line for the generation of power, it will come up with an alternative source of clean and efficient form of energy[5]. This will help it in increasing its operational efficiency of the business as it no longer will have to worry about the carbon foot print it was leaving earlier thereby attracting various sorts of restrictions and stipulations from the government authorities. It will not have to worry about the disposal of the residue left behind by the burnt coal. It will be saving costs as well as will be able to curb the government interference in its business to a significant extent. Improved business performance: While the new and improved way of doing business increases the operating efficiency of the companies, it simultaneously leaves its marks on the financial performance of the companies. The company employing the most efficient factors of business is able to maintain a competitive edge over the competitors along with generating goodwill for the company. The customers get a better quality product and thereby becoming loyal customer of the company[6]. This is reflected in the financial statements of the company in form of growth in revenue. As the company utilises improved way of production it is able to reduce its operating costs thereby further catapulting the financial performance of the company by increasing the profits of the company and creating wealth for the shareholders of the company. Proper maintenance of books and records: This is one more way in which the incentives have been able to increase the accountability of the businesses indirectly. In order to avail the benefits of the tax incentives the companies must endeavour in making and keeping proper records in respect of their expenditures and the returns they got from it. They need to keep the record of both the income and expense related to the scientific research is because of the fact that the statute has put stipulation on the nature of the expenditures that the company is allowed to make in order to avail the tax incentives[7]. At the same the recording of income is very important because of the fact that it has been clearly spelt out by the statute that the expenditure must yield the company some benefits in real terms. Therefore in order to establish the nature of expenditure and that they are abiding by the stipulation out by the law and the authenticity of the returns earned from them the company has to maintain proper and updated records as per the guidelines of the accounting system prevalent in the country. this has ensured that the company present true and correct information in their financial statements and this in turn helps the shareholders in getting a true and fair view of the organisation financial position and performance[8]. Spike in the levels of research activity: The tax incentives have motivated the business entities in engaging themselves in the research activities. This has resulted in the spike in the research oriented activities with the country. The spike not only promotes the scientific culture within the country but also opens several employment opportunities for the students and entrepreneurs who want to pursue research activities as their career choice. The research activities helps in promoting the development of new and improved products as well as ways of carrying out the business activities thereby helping the businesses as well as the society at large. Following the provisions laid down by the tax laws: The benefits of the tax provisions are available to only those companies which maintain full compliance with the tax laws of the statute. There are many conditions and stipulation which are needed to be abided by the companies in order to avail the tax incentives[9]. In pursuance of getting the advantage of tax benefits the companies have understood the importance of abiding by the conditions laid down in the ITAA 1936. Non-compliance with any of the condition can cause the company to lose on the benefits of the tax incentive. With this in mind the companies have started to comply with the provisions both in letter and spirit. Relevant Rules of Taxation The Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 lays down several rulings with respect to the conditions that must be followed to avail the tax incentives. It also specifies the type of expenditures for which the company will be allowed a tax incentive or deduction from its total income. The ruling which specifically deals with the provisions of tax incentives for the research and development activities carried out by the organisation is TR92/2[10]. The ruling provides us with the specific types of expenditures which are allowed to be deducted from the total income under section 73A of Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 to arrive at the taxable income of the company. There is a general ruling given out in the sub section 1 of the section 73A that only such expenditures will be allowed as deduction under this section which are not deductible under any other sections[11]. This avoids the chances of the companies availing double tax benefits for the same expenditures incurred under different sections. T he sub section also makes it clear that any company which has listed itself on any recognised stock exchange is allowed to avail the deductions in respect of the expenditure incurred on scientific and research activities only if such activity has helped it to increase its revenue generating capacity. In other words the expenditure must be incurred for the purpose of business only. The expenditures allowed as deduction from the income of the company to compute its taxable income is as follows: Amount paid by the company to an approved research institute for the purpose of carrying out research activities on its behalf. Payments made by the company to any approved research institute to carry out research in the field to which the business activities of the business belong to. The act has not put any stipulation on the place where the research needs to be conducted by the research institute. In other words, the only thing that is crucial in determining the tax implications of the amount contributed will be whether the research has been undertaken by the institute on behalf of the company or in the field of its operation, it is immaterial whether they are conducted in the companys premises or in the institute itself[12]. It must be noted that the above conditions were related to the amount contributed by the company to any approved research institute. Apart, from these contributions the company can also get exemption with respect to capital expenditure undertaken by it to promote research and development activities in the organisation. There are certain purposes for which if the company incurs any capital expenditures it will not be given any exemption for them. These purposes are given in TR 92/2[13]. They are as follows: Plant and machinery acquired by the company in order to conduct research in its premises. Any expenditure is incurred to acquire land and building or, Addition, alteration or extension is made by the company to the existing land and building. The company must refrain from incurring capital expenditure for the above mentioned purposes as it will not be given any exemption for the same. Barring the above purposes all other capital expenditure made by the company will be allowable as exemption if they are incurred for the purpose of business and business only[14]. In order to improve the understandability of the implication of the expenditure incurred by the company for the purpose of scientific research the TR 92/2 has efficiently divided them into four categories: Amount that is contributed to approved research institute for carrying out scientific research activities on behalf of the company. All sorts of capital expenditures incurred by the company in order to carry out the research activities by the company The amounts spend on acquiring plant so that the same can be utilised in carrying out the research activities. The expenditure in respect of purchasing land and building for the purpose of carrying out research activities Though the classification made by TR 92/2 comprise of four categories, it deals with only the first two i.e. amount contributed to research institutes and the capital expenditure incurred by the company in carrying out the research activities. The deduction discussed above is given to the companies to instil in them the principle of research and development in order to improve the existing products or to bring in new products in the market[15]. However the deductions are made available to the entities only to the extent they are incurred for the purpose of gaining business profits out of them. The companies in order to enjoy the tax incentives given by or laid down by the statute must not violate the very purpose for which they have been given out to them. The government of any country loses significant amount of tax revenue in form of similar tax incentives. The companies must understand that it is their duty to give something in return to the government and the society. The statute gives out incentives so that it can reap the benefits of the new products and the added advantage they bring in with them in the society. In abiding by the conditions and regulations not only does the companies enjoy significant profits in the long run but also the society in which they are conducting their business activities gains a lot. The benefits of the tax incentives or the implication of the incentives laid down in the statute are immense both in the context of business and social welfare. It helps in increasing the profitability, accountability and efficiency of the business entity availing the tax incentives[16]. Conclusion Form the above discussions it can be very confidently concluded that the tax incentives provided by the section 73 A and TR 92/2 to the companies in respect of scientific research activities carried out by them has greatly and positively affected their business. It has significantly motivated them to improve their business performance and operating efficiency by researching and developing improved way of doing business. These kinds of incentives can only bring good to the companies and the society at large. Hence such incentives are a welcome move from the statute. Reference Bartekov, Eva, and Ren Kemp. "National strategies for securing a stable supply of rare earths in different world regions."Resources Policy49 (2016): 153-164. Bsenberg, Simon, and Peter H. Egger. "RD tax incentives and the emergence and trade of ideas."Economic Policy32, no. 89 (2017): 39-80. De Silva, P. N. K., S. J. R. Simons, and P. Stevens. "Economic impact analysis of natural gas development and the policy implications."Energy Policy88 (2016): 639-651. Duncan, Greg J., Katherine Magnuson, and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal. "Boosting family income to promote child development."The Future of Children24, no. 1 (2014): 99-120. Grubert, Harry, and Rosanne Altshuler. "Shifting the Burden of taxation from the Corporate to the perSonal level and getting the Corporate tax rate down to 15 perCent." (2016). Hilber, Christian AL. "UK Housing and Planning Policies: the evidence from economic research." (2015). Kamal, Sristi, Ma?gorzata Grodzi?ska-Jurczak, and Gregory Brown. "Conservation on private land: a review of global strategies with a proposed classification system."Journal of Environmental Planning and Management58, no. 4 (2015): 576-597. Lardo, Philippe, Christian Khler, and Christian Rammer. "The impact of fiscal incentives for RD."Handbook of Innovation Policy Impact, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham and Northampton(2016): 18-53. Olubunmi, Olanipekun Ayokunle, Paul Bo Xia, and Martin Skitmore. "Green building incentives: A review."Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews59 (2016): 1611-1621. Richardson, Grant, and Grantley Taylor. "Income shifting incentives and tax haven utilization: Evidence from multinational US firms."The International Journal of Accounting50, no. 4 (2015): 458-485. Rode, Julian, Erik Gmez-Baggethun, and Torsten Krause. "Motivation crowding by economic incentives in conservation policy: A review of the empirical evidence."Ecological Economics117 (2015): 270-282. Shen, Liyin, Bei He, Liudan Jiao, Xiangnan Song, and Xiaoling Zhang. "Research on the development of main policy instruments for improving building energy-efficiency."Journal of Cleaner Production112 (2016): 1789-1803. Swank, Duane. "Taxing choices: international competition, domestic institutions and the transformation of corporate tax policy."Journal of European Public Policy23, no. 4 (2016): 571-603. Taylor, Grantley, and Grant Richardson. "Incentives for corporate tax planning and reporting: Empirical evidence from Australia."Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics10, no. 1 (2014): 1-15. Timilsina, Govinda R., and Kalim U. Shah. "Filling the gaps: Policy supports and interventions for scaling up renewable energy development in Small Island Developing States."Energy Policy98 (2016): 653-662. Zhao, Zhen-Yu, Yu-Long Chen, and Rui-Dong Chang. "How to stimulate renewable energy power generation effectively?China's incentive approaches and lessons."Renewable Energy92 (2016): 147-156.

Red Oldsmobile Essay Example Essay Example

Red Oldsmobile Essay Example Paper Red Oldsmobile Essay Introduction Red Oldsmobile Louise Erdrich’s Story The Red Convertible is a story that focuses on the relationship of two Native American brothers. The narrator is Lyman Lamartine and his older brother Henry, who is portrayed as the protagonist. Lyman provides a narration of his relationship with his brother Henry and a red Oldsmobile or convertible that they jointly purchased. Henry’s encounter at war results in his total change, in terms of character, and alters his relationship with his younger brother. The change in character also affects Lyman. The Red Oldsmobile could be used as an illustration of the relationship shared between the two brothers. The buying out of Lyman’s shares in the ownership of the Oldsmobile is an indication of the dire need by Henry to live in isolation because of trauma experienced in the Vietnam War. Symbolism is widely used in The Red Convertible as a means of illustrating change as provided by the term convertible. This alteration of a solid r elationship between brothers turns to hostility despite their history together as close. The ultimate goal by the author is to illustrate and communication of the afflictions of emotions of individuals after the war by a solider in terms of his relationship with his family. The red convertible is used as an illustration of the relationship between Henry and Lyman (Erdrich 819). At the beginning of the narrative, the two brothers Henry and Lyman make a purchase of the red convertible, its restoration and travel using the red convertible to various locations around the world. Henry’s move to war is a turning point for the relationship with his brother. This is demonstrated by Lyman’s decision to take the car apart. Henry’s return from war is characterized by his scarred character, his loss in interest in the convertible and the relationship with his brother. The emotional disconnect between the two brothers is illustrated by Lyman’s actions after he bangs t he car. The destroyed car is an express illustration of the fading and dying relationship between two brothers who shared a delicate and beautiful relationship similar to the features of a convertible. Henry later finds out that Lyman has damaged the car and confronts him. He states, â€Å"When I left, that car was running like a watch. Now I don’t even know if I can get it to start again, let alone get it anywhere near its old condition† (Erdrich 464). This is an indication that Henry desires to bring the car back into its old condition. He alludes to the car’s initial condition and compares it with its present state. The comparison provides an express view of the changes in terms of the relationship of the two brothers, which is chaotic and fading. The restored red Oldsmobile was easy to use, given that it was in a good mechanical condition similar to their relationship before Henry’s move to Vietnam due to the war. Henry ceases to be a joyful and engag ing individual because of his experiences in Vietnam. The author indicates that the changes brought about by the experiences of war are evident in hennery and by his relations with his brother and family. Henry as a soldier in Vietnam is taken captive by the enemy as a prisoner of war. This is problematic for him in that he is unable to cope with the torture he experiences. He is unable to cope with the traumatizing event. This is the main factor towards his mental instability, anger and inability to relate with family. Other changes evident in the narrative include the purchase of a colored television set by Lyman after he leaves for war to Vietnam. This is an express indication of total change and a possible illustration that the situation changed. Hence, he seems to accept the fact that he had grown distant with his family and presumes that they are unable to provide support and relate with him as they had initially before he left for war in Vietnam. It is provided ion the narrat ive that before he left for war in Vietnam, Henry was an overly calm individual but changed after his return to a restless individual who is quick to anger. Lyman recalls in the narrative that Henry â€Å"sat for whole afternoons, never moving a muscle† (Erdrich, 936). This is an indication that Henry preferred solitude rather than the company of his younger brother that he initially preferred. He adds that the military changed him as many other service men that were changed by the experiences in combat. However, â€Å"the change was no good..† It was a fact. Henry had become jumpy and mean† this is comparable tom the ‘old’ Henry who was evidently clam, gentle and longed to spend quality time with his brother and enjoyed sharing and traveling in the red Oldsmobile (Erdrich 923). The deterioration of the red Oldsmobile was because of the neglect by Lyman. This is similar to the relationship of the two individuals; they were unable to maintain a relati onship despite sharing a strong bond. A lack of emotional connection or presence of emotional disconnect prompted the movement from one another emotionally. Henry was primarily unable to communicate his pain, horrors and experiences to his brother and family. His brother had been his primary confidant and friend with whom he shared his experiences and troubles. However, the war was so traumatizing that he finds it necessary to remain calm, aloof and in solitude, despite the efforts of his brother and his family to reach him. It is also evident that other changes are evident in terms of Henry’s character. Henry was initially a humorous and delightful individual. Lyman recalls Henry’s earlier character as a delightful individual who was slow to anger. This is comparable to the condition of the red Oldsmobile, which was new and able to tour round the American continent. Henry was initially full of energy and joyous in all his activities. Lyman narrates, â€Å"He’d always had a joke, then too, and now you could not get him to laugh† (Erdrich 936). His cheerful and witty nature is changed by the experiences in Vietnam. Lyman narrates that he was envious and delighted by the cheerful nature of his brother. Lyman longs for the earlier times when his brother was an individual with whom one could share ideas and spend a good time. Lyman recalls an event whereby Henry said to a longtime family friend named Suzy â€Å"Jump on my shoulders† (Erdrich 935). Henry swung her around such that her hair swayed from side to side with the blowing wind. The use of imagery is provided as a means of bringing out Henry’s earlier character as a cheerful individual who enjoyed life. His attempts at laughing are narrated by Lyman as â€Å"more like the sound of a man choking, a sound that stopped up throats of other people around him.† (935); this is an express indication of an individual who is filled with distress and despair in life. Th is is because of the trauma experienced at war. Lyman narrates that he viewed his brother bite his lip as he watched the colored television. Additionally, he struggled to stay still in the chair as he watched the television, which might have led him to recall the traumatizing events in Vietnam. Lyman describes the stillness and composure as â€Å"and that was the only time he was completely still. But it was the kind of stillness that you see in a rabbit when it freezes and before it will bolt† (Erdrich 936). This is an illustration that the trauma associated with war had a great effect on Henry’s character. This was a significant factor towards his withdrawal, emotionally, from his family and primarily forms his brother with whom he shared numerous aspects of life. Henry ignored the basic element that tied them together which is the red Oldsmobile. This basic element united the two brothers in that they shared the costs of purchase of the red Oldsmobile. Henry ignores the status of the vehicle that was a primary asset to him and his brother. Lyman has hopes in his brother and â€Å"the car might bring the old Henry back somehow† (Erdrich 937). His ignorance of the fact that his brother longs for his company results in total loss of faith by his brother Lyman who is unable to save him from an inevitable self destruction. Lyman’s loss of faith is an indication of actual and inevitable change in terms of their relationship despite his efforts to gain his brother’s attention. Additionally, the ruptured bond is illustrated by the destruction of the vehicle rendering it un-roadworthy. The two brothers cease using the vehicle since they are unable communicate as they had before Henry’s move to Vietnam. The restoration of the cars by Henry provides Lyman with a notion that this would renew their relationship. Bonita, Lyman and Henry’s only sister, takes a photograph of her two brothers posing in front of the red Olds. This is their last photograph together and with the red Oldsmobile. In their trip, Henry rushes and dives into the river after the two brothers engage in an intense argument over the vehicle. Lyman plunges the red Oldsmobile into the river resulting in the ultimate tragedy. The death of Henry is complimented by the plunging of the red Oldsmobile. Conclusively, the destruction of the Oldsmobile sums up the relationship of the tow individuals. The initial relationship between the two individuals is illustrated by the restoration and the new condition of the red Oldsmobile. Their relationship is severed by the deterioration in terms of condition of the Oldsmobile and summed up by the death of Henry and destruction of the Oldsmobile after plunging into the river. Work Cited Erdrich, Louise. The Red Convertible: Selected and New Stories, 1978-2008. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2009. Print. Red Oldsmobile Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

The Decline of Students Writing Skills Causes and Outcomes

The Decline of Students Writing Skills Causes and Outcomes The Decline of Students’ Writing Skills: Causes and Outcomes Writing is still the most common form of evaluating students’ achievements. You must write term papers, coursework, theses, and dissertations to prove that the teachers effort did not go to waste, and that you can acquire knowledge on your own. But something did go to waste, as more and more teachers begin to realize that they spend more time fixing grammar mistakes than focusing on the information related to topic of the work. So, what happened? If the problem keeps getting worse, maybe it’s high time to get to the bottom of it and find out the reasons for weak writing skills. Statistics on Student Writing Skills Numerous studies have been taken involving writing skills of grade-school to college age students. Annual reports from the National Center for Education Statistics show that the SAT mean scores in writing have dropped from 497 to 484 in 9 years (2006 – 2015). It’s already bad that the score is decreasing, but it also never stayed the same two years in a row during this period. Therefore, we can assume that the SAT result in writing will continue to decrease at the same rate. The same statistics show that SAT reading scores have also decreased in the same way. This also contributes to poor writing skills, particularly where analyzing and synthesizing sources is required. Causes of Students Poor Writing Skills Many teachers think that the main reason for poor writing is social media. Student paper writing seems to have shrunk to 140 characters in Twitter. But if you think about it, shouldnt these 140 characters teach young people how to express their thoughts concisely? Maybe the problem is not in the communication services that they use, but rather because they were never taught how to think and write properly. Actually, the basis of the problem lies in the limited skill set students get from secondary and high school education. They were not taught what they are required straight after entering college. Most of the time, high school students dont get to do anything more than argue an opinion in their essays. Analyzing and synthesizing information are neglected. Another point to consider is that more and more students are becoming reticent about sharing something personal, including their point of view on an essay topic. Possible Outcomes and Solutions Poor writing skills influence both employers and their prospective employees. Employers waste hundreds of dollars on training; that is, when they can attract applicants. If you’ve ever searched the job market, you’ve seen the error-filled job descriptions. Those vacancies are certainly not too appealing. On the other hand, if you’re a student looking for a job, writing skills are essential in writing a believable resume or cover letter. And in the future work place, you’ll have to write reports, business letters, and maybe even press-releases. This means you have to be prepared before you even start searching for a job. Writing is a way to communicate your thoughts, feelings and opinions. It’s an essential skill in everyday life, as well. Grade school should be the place to lay the basis for such skills. Considering that students come to colleges and universities unprepared, the grade school system should be altered to raise interest in writing and to develop the basic required knowledge for literacy. In the end, students should be encouraged to write rather than criticized. It’s one thing to evaluate grammar and structure, but if students feel like their personal opinions are evaluated, they’ll be hesitant to express them. Unfortunately, this is what grade school education is lacking today – freedom of expression.

Biography of Edward Low, English Pirate

Biography of Edward Low, English Pirate Edward Ned Low (1690–1724) was an English criminal, sailor, and pirate. He took up piracy sometime around 1722 and was very successful, plundering dozens if not hundreds of ships over the course of his criminal career. Low was known for his cruelty to his prisoners and was greatly feared on both sides of the Atlantic. Fast Facts: Edward Low Known For: Low was an English pirate known for his viciousness and brutality.Also Known As: Edward Lowe, Edward LoeBorn: 1690 in Westminster, London, EnglandDied: 1724 (place of death unknown) Early Life Low was born in Westminster, London, probably sometime around 1690. As a youth, he was a thief and a gambler. He was a strong young man and would often beat up other boys for their money. Later, as a gambler, he would cheat brazenly: if anyone called him on it, he would fight them and usually win. When he was a teenager, he went to sea and worked for a few years in a rigging house (where he made and repaired ships ropes and rigging) in Boston. Piracy Tiring of life on land, Low signed on board a small vessel that was headed to the Bay of Honduras to cut logwood. Such missions were risky, as the Spanish coastal patrol would attack them if they were sighted. One day, after a long days work cutting logwood, the captain ordered Low and the other men to make one more trip, so as to fill the ship faster and get out of there. Low became enraged and fired a musket at the captain. He missed but killed another sailor. Low was marooned and the captain took the opportunity to rid himself of a dozen or so other malcontents as well. The marooned men soon captured a small boat and turned pirate. The new pirates went to Grand Cayman Island, where they met a pirate force under the command of George Lowther on board the ship Happy Delivery. Lowther was in need of men and offered to let Low and his men join. They did happily, and Low was made lieutenant. Within a couple of weeks, the Happy Delivery had taken a big prize: the 200-ton ship Greyhound, which they burned. They took several other ships in the Bay of Honduras over the next few weeks, and Low was promoted to captain of a captured sloop, which was outfitted with 18 cannons. It was a quick rise for Low, who had been a junior officer on board the logwood ship only weeks before. Not long after, as the pirates refitted their ships on an isolated beach, they were attacked by a large group of angry natives. The men had been resting on the shore, and although they were able to escape, they lost much of their loot and the Happy Delivery was burned. Setting out in the remaining ships, they resumed piracy once more with great success, capturing many merchant and trading vessels. In May 1722, Low and Lowther decided to part ways. Low was then in charge of a Brigantine with two cannons and four swivel guns, and there were some 44 men serving under him. Over the next two years, Low became one of the most successful and feared pirates in the world. He and his men captured and robbed dozens of vessels over a wide area, ranging from the western coast of Africa to the southeastern United States. His flag, which was well-known and feared, consisted of a red skeleton on a black field. Tactics Low was a clever pirate who would use brute force only when necessary. His ships collected a variety of flags and he would often approach targets while flying the flag of Spain, England, or whatever other nation they thought their prey might be from. Once close, they would run up the Jolly Roger and begin firing, which was usually enough to demoralize the other ship into surrendering. Low preferred to use a small fleet of two to four pirate ships to better outmaneuver his victims. He could also use the threat of force. On more than one occasion, he sent messengers to coastal towns threatening an attack if they were not given food, water, or whatever else he wanted. In some cases, he held hostages. More often than not, the threat of force worked and Low was able to get his provisions without firing a shot. Nevertheless, Low developed a reputation for cruelty and ruthlessness. On one occasion, as he prepared to burn a ship he had recently captured and no longer needed, he ordered the ships cook tied to the mast to perish in the fire. The reason was that the man was a greasy fellow who would sizzle- this proved amusing to Low and his men. On another occasion, they caught a galley with some Portuguese aboard. Two friars were hung from the Fore-Yard and jerked up and down until they died, and another Portuguese passenger- who had made the mistake of looking sorrowful at the fate of his friends- was cut to pieces by one of Lows men. Death In June 1723, Low was sailing in his flagship Fancy and was accompanied by the Ranger, under the command of Charles Harris, a loyal lieutenant. After successfully seizing and plundering several ships off of the Carolinas, they ran into the 20-gun Greyhound, a Royal Navy ship on the lookout for pirates. The Greyhound pinned down the Ranger and shot down its mast, effectively crippling it. Low decided to run, leaving Harris and the other pirates to their fate. All of the hands on board the Ranger were captured and brought to trial in Newport, Rhode Island. Twenty-five men (including Harris) were found guilty and hung, two more were found not guilty and sent to prison, and eight more were found not guilty on the grounds that they had been forced into piracy. Historians are not quite sure what happened to Low. According to the National Maritime Museum in London, the pirate was never captured and spent the rest of his life in Brazil. Another history suggests that his crew tired of his cruelty (he supposedly shot a sleeping man he had fought with, causing the crew to despise him as a coward). Set adrift in a small ship, he was found by the French and brought to Martinique for trial and hanged. This seems the most likely account, although there is little in the way of documentation to prove it. In any event, by 1725 Low was no longer active in piracy. Legacy Edward Low  was the real deal: a ruthless, cruel, clever pirate who terrorized transatlantic shipping for about two years during the so-called Golden Age of Piracy. He brought commerce to a halt and had naval vessels searching the Caribbean for him. He became, in a sense, the poster boy for the need to control piracy. Before Low, many pirates were either cruel or successful, but Low was a sadist with a well-armed and organized fleet. He was hugely successful in pirate terms, plundering well over 100 ships in his career. Only  Black Bart Roberts  was more successful in the same area and time. Low was also a good teacher- his lieutenant Francis Spriggs had a successful pirate career after absconding with one of Lows ships in 1723. Sources Defoe, Daniel, and Manuel Schonhorn. A General History of the Pyrates. Dover Publications, 1999.Konstam, Angus. World Atlas of Pirates: Treasures And Treachery On The Seven Seas- In Maps, Tall Tales, And Pictures. The Lyons Press, October 1, 2009.Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. First edition, Mariner Books, June 30, 2008.

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Book Review - Essay Example However, the intrinsic qualities of both the works cannot be negated. In the book, â€Å"Taj Mahal† (Wonders of the World) by â€Å"Giles Tillotson†, writer elaborates the history regarding the construction of the â€Å"Taj Mahal†. Writer describes that the design of the Taj is the combination of Iranian, Afghani and Indian construction techniques while Islamic designs have also played an important in the overall construction. The doom and the minarets of the Taj are originally Islamic architectural techniques. According to the writer, Taj Mahal was constructed by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan around 1631 to 1653. White Marble is the main constructional element of the Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan bought the location of the Taj Mahal from Maharajah Jai Singh and presented a vast palace in Agra as an exchange for the land. The foundation took about 12 years to complete while the whole Taj took about 22 years to get completed. Shah Jahan, built the Taj as the mausoleum of his beloved wife, â€Å"Mumtaz Mahal†. Shah Jahan’s wife Mumtaz Mahal died during childbirth. He immensely loved his wife and decided to build a mausoleum as final resting place for his wife. The mausoleum has four minarets at the four corners of the foundation. Taj lies in the middle of the foundation. It has a single bigger doom. There are several rooms inside the Taj besides a wide-open place in the centre of the building. The foundation is about 5-6 feet about the surface. Wells were dug and then filled with stones to build the foundation of the Taj Mahal. White marble was used in the construction as the major element, while sapphire, silver and gold were used to beautify the structure. The beautiful gardens with lush green grass and trees and fountains enhance the mystical beauty of the structure. At night, the translucent marble of the Taj, shines and presents a beautiful scene. During the day, the sunlight tries to

Technology and its Effects on Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology and its Effects on Privacy - Essay Example The Internet has played a major role in making this happen, since most people from different world regions will easily link up today by using the E-mail and other social network sites, including Facebook and MySpace. However, the use of information and information transmission through technology use has resulted in major problems regarding ethics and jurisdiction. These problems are mainly concerned with the right of privacy and the right of access to information, which are threatened by the current free flow of information, as well as the safeguarding of the financial interests of the owners of intellectual property. This essay mainly focuses on how people lose their privacy by putting all their information online, including in social network sites such as Facebook, and how this and similar technology influence people negatively, thus, endangering the human race. The present generation is known to be dependent on technology more than the past generations. Therefore, most of the vari ous problems that arise in the world today are based on technology. Unlike the past decades where technology was used in moderation, the present generation has informationalized most of its activities. According to Coughlan, this rampant use and increasing inventions in technology put the human race in danger. The overuse and misuse of technology by humans might lead to the extinction of the human race in future (n.pag.). Therefore, in regard to the privacy issue, various technologies today infringe people’s privacy, obtaining their personal information, which is highly sensitive. Additionally, different countries get the sensitive online information about other countries, which they consider their foes, through the Internet. Therefore, the party that retrieved the information online might use this information for different purposes. Nonetheless, a negative and malicious use of this information might result in negative effects for the individual or the country that was tracke d. Coughlan notes that today, computer technology can manipulate the real world, and, therefore, misguided intentions of computer use might be detrimental to the human race. With an increased advancement in technology, which might be lethal if misused, the humanity of this generation poses a threat to its own survival (Coughlan n.pag.). The issue of privacy has existed in the world since the development of information technology, computing, as well as the digital media. Today, social computing, email, mobile data, cookies, GPS, and networked video and audio capture among others are the examples of technologies, which have a negative impact on the users regarding their privacy (Lohr n.pag.). These technologies allow to mine the user’s information, as some of them monitor and keep surveillance of communication and data. In addition, the people using these technologies make it easier for their identity to be established, as they post their personal information and share it with other users. According to Lohr, most online activities a person is engaged in often lead to the diminishing of their level of privacy (n.pag.). For instance, Internet sites such as Facebook and Twitter require one to share most of their personal information such as birthday details with other friends. In this case, most people share their photos, photos of their families, gossipping at their work place and school, among other social and personal information. According to Lohr, when people engage in such self-revelation, it becomes easier for computers to assemble their information

Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams Essay Example for Free

Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams Essay In the article entitled, Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams presents his take on the economics and logic of keeping CEOs highly paid. He essentially argues that these huge â€Å"golden parachutes† and corporate salaries are justified by return that these companies get in return. Just because a CEO gets a high salary does not mean that he does not deserve it or do anything to help the company recover that value. By comparing this to a simple supply and demand model, Walter Williams is able to show that the reason the salaries are so high is because the demand is high as well and supply is pretty scarce. One manner by which the mention of the word greed can be applied to the economic lessons that have been discussed is to juxtapose this to the application of greed as an economic theory. Greed can be said to be the primal instinct for self-preservation of people. In an attempt to protect one’s self, man seeks only to pursue his individual interests without care for the well-being of others. In relation to economics, this pursuit of individual interests is greed or the pursuit of economic self-interests, otherwise known as individual wealth accumulation. Greed as a driving force is not an entirely new concept as it was originally part of the Invisible Hand theory introduced by Adam Smith. The basic precept of the invisible hand is that in a free market a person who chooses to be greedy and pursue his own interests in invariably also furthering the good of the entire community. A perfect example is in a situation where a person seeks to maximize his personal profits in total disregard of other factors. By applying the Invisible Hand theory of Adam Smith, it can be shown that when the total revenue of society is calculated this becomes identical to the summation of the individual revenues of every member of that society. In order to arrive at a better understanding of how greed, which is a key concept under the Invisible Hand Theory, both drives and regulates capitalist markets, it is essential to have a brief discussion of the basic supply and demand model. This is because production is driven by the willingness of the seller to supply and the basic goal of every seller is to increase profits (greed). This can be understood from two approaches, however, the first being profit maximization through an increase in the volume of units sold (assuming ceteris paribus) and the second being profit maximization through a decrease in the cost of the factors of production which in turn increases the profit margins per unit sold. The basic supply-demand model becomes critical in this understanding because under the market model sales will only willingly occur at the equilibrium point. The price level of a good essentially is determined by the point at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. The law of supply and demand predicts that the price level will move toward the point that equalizes quantities supplied and demanded. Greed is crucial in this sense because it is the basic assumption or behavior under this model. Without greed, there would be no drive for the individuals in society to pursue their own self-interests. The absence of this driving mechanism would mean that there will be no individual revenues and thus leading to the failure of the community revenue to equalize with its summation. This basically means that society’s scarce resources become more efficiently allocated through the regulatory nature of greed in capitalist markets. While the Invisible Hand theory has already been rejected as an acceptable economic model by the works of John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman, the more complex markets of today have shown that the pursuit of self-interests, while natural of human behavior, must be regulated by external systems in order to ensure a more equitable and efficient allocation of resources. This means that greed is not necessarily good in today’s current economic situation. As used in this discussion and in the article, this greed may not only be the effect of supply and demand but the pursuits of an individual’s self-interests for the improvement of the economic system.

The Impact of Recording Technology on Music Essay -- Exploratory Essay

The Impact of Recording Technology on Music Most successful musicians know a hidden art carried out by the work of a good sound engineer; it is essential for a magnificent album. For the rest of us novice listeners and fans, we believe what we hear through our speakers or played over the radio are the true skilled professional musicians, soaring at their craft. Most contemporary music, from pop to R&B and acid jazz to the sophisticated realm of orchestral film scores, has been modernized by several inventions encased within the studio. The art of audio engineering has taken on new forms, from the nuts and bolts, "plug it in, and see if it works" era into the digital world, because of these wonderfully tragic solutions to a higher pace of life. A musician's art have been made solely because of it, and others have been destroyed and humiliated by it. The complex new inventions of technology shape the adaptive method of studio recording and production however caused a drastic negative musical degrading of our beloved art. Basic terms are often confused when describing an individuals musical sense. Microsoft Encarta World English Dictionary defines an artist as somebody who does something with great skill and creativity, and a musician is a music maker who plays, performs, conducts, or composes music, either as a hobby or a profession. The focus of this essay is not the plausible crime of a solely techno creator, or in contrast, the soaring melodies of a humans voice. Technology has tarnished the value of pure talent of music's original creation for the sake of popularity, riches and unnatural perfection. The invention of pop and rap equivalent styles were formed on the foundation of digitally synthesize... ...ost consumers do not realize who, or what lurks behind the wall of a speaker. The creative mind of a musician extends into the boundaries of timbre, pitch, melodies, harmonies, and the skill to create for the sake of art. If the recording engineer behind the mind-boggling boards and gizmos is really the mastermind, then why not give him a spot on stage? Work Cited Bazer, Mark. "James Newton vs. The Beastie Boys" Down Beat 69 Oct 2002: 25. Easton, Michael. "Music Sampling" Art + Law Sept 2000. Jewel, Dan. "Getting in sync" People Weekly Dec 1997: 167-168. Lehrman, Paul D. "Into the New Millennium With. Midi ?" Mix Magazine Jan 2001. Ogilvy, David. "Dave Matthews Band at Pacific Bell Park ." Mix Magazine Aug 2001: 172-176. Rumsey, Francis, Time McCormick. Sound and Recording, an Introduction . Woburn , MA : Focal Press, 2002.

Sales People

Chapter 4 Salespeople Work In Two Markets 1. Consumer Markets 2. Business Markets: Industrial or organizational markets FACTORS INFLUENCING ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND STRUCTURE * Examine customers in each market. * Determine the types of sales jobs needed to serve a market. * Note the job activities salespeople must do. * Design sales jobs around customers. * Set up the sales force organizational structure, which includes the various sales jobs and geographic territories.Application Of The Sales Job Classifications 1. Order Takers: wait for the costumer to order 2. Order Getters: obtain, retain, and increase business with customers. This salesperson must often create discontent with what the prospect already has and has to overcome the most powerful and obstinate resistance. THE LINE ORGANIZATION In the pure line organization, the chief executive – usually the president – does the decision making for the firm. The president has complete authority.Line authority means tha t people in management positions have formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates. Staff authority is narrower and includes the right to advise, recommend, and counsel in the staff specialists’ areas of expertise. Geographic Specialization Many large corporations are organized by geographic territory. This type of organization is generally used by companies with more than strictly local distribution of their products Product Specialization Another common type of organization in large companies is based on the firm’s product.The entire company may be organized by product, with separate sales, advertising, marketing, and so on, along with staffs for each, or some functional units may remain centralized. Customer Specialization Companies with several separate and distinct markets accounting for major portions of their sales often organize based on these markets or customers. Combination of Design Elements Many companies organize on the basis of some comb ination of functional, geographic, product, or customer design.

Food Prices and Supply

Food Prices and Supply Kirk Condyles for The New York Times Updated: July 26, 2012 In the summer of 2012, scorching heat and the worst drought in nearly a half-century sent food prices up, spooking consumers and leading to worries about global food costs. On July 25, the United States government said it expected the record-breaking weather to drive up the price for groceries in 2013, including milk, beef, chicken and pork. The drought has affected 88 percent of the corn crop, a staple of processed foods and animal feed as well as the nation’s leading farm export.The government’s forecast, based on a consumer price index for food, estimated that prices would rise 4 to 5 percent for beef in 2013, with slightly lower increases for pork, eggs and dairy products. The drought comes along with heat. So far, 2012 is the hottest year ever recorded in the United States, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, whose records date to 1895. That has sapped t he production of corn, soybeans and other crops, afflicting poultry and livestock in turn.The impact of the hot and dry weather on the nation’s farmers has put new pressure on Congress to move ahead on a pending five-year farm bill. But House Republican leaders have been reluctant to act because of divisions within the party’s rank-and-file about the cost of the nearly $1 trillion bill. The legislation includes several federal agriculture programs that farmers have come to expect, though it does not include any specific drought assistance. Several important disaster relief programs expired at the end of 2011, leaving farmers and ranchers who have lost cattle or grazing land with few options without Congressional action.For now, analysts said they expected the broader economic impact of rising food prices to be modest. Americans spend just 13 percent of their household budgets on food. Economists fear a far greater impact outside of the United States because America is a major exporter of a broad variety of agricultural products. Experts Warn of a Global Spike in Food Prices In early September, agricultural experts  urged international action to prevent the global spike in food prices from causing global hunger.The directors of three major United Nations food and agriculture programs sounded the alarm both on the immediate problem of high food prices and the â€Å"long-term issue of how we produce, trade and consume food in an age of increasing population, demand and climate change. † Agricultural production fell in a number of major crop exporters during summer 2012. Besides damaging the corn crop in the United States, droughts also hit Russia and Ukraine, hurting the wheat harvest, as well as Brazil, affecting soybean production.Low yields have translated into high prices. In late August, the World Bank reported that food prices climbed 10 percent from June to July, with the price of both corn and wheat jumping 25 percent to records. So ybean prices climbed 17 percent over the same period, and rice prices declined moderately, the Washington-based institution said. The World Bank and the United Nations food agencies — along with other development and aid groups — have urged countries to prepare for what seems likely to become the third food price shock in five years.Low-income countries that rely on agricultural imports should invest in safety-net programs for the poor, they recommended. They also urged countries to bolster local production. Groups including the World Bank and the United Nations have also warned against trade protectionist policies in light of climbing food prices. International groups increasingly see inconsistent yields and drastic swings in food prices as a problem driven by climate change — and a global challenge that is not intermittent, but here to stay.Since the food crisis in 2007 and 2008, they have bolstered international cooperation to help foster more stable food sup plies and keep the most vulnerable countries prepared. Oxfam, the international nonprofit, issued a report in early September estimating how extreme weather events might affect food prices in the coming decades — forecasting that the prices of a number of food staples could surge far beyond the projected increases. The United Nations agencies warned that too few countries were producing too large a proportion of staple crops — leaving the world more vulnerable to droughts and floods.

Tale of Troy or Iliad - The Story Behind the Trojan War

Tale of Troy or Iliad - The Story Behind the Trojan War During the time when gods were petty and cruel, three of the leading goddesses had a contest to determine who was most beautiful. They contended for the prize of Eris golden apple, an apple no less dangerous than the one in the story of Snow White, despite its lack of consumable poison. To make the contest objective, the goddesses hired a human judge, Paris (also called Alexander), son of the Eastern potentate, Priam of Troy. Since Paris was to be paid according to the largesse of the winner, the contest was really to see who provided the most attractive incentive. Aphrodite won hands down, but the prize she offered was the wife of another man. Paris, after seducing Helen while a guest in the palace of her husband, King Menelaus of Sparta, went blithely on his way back to Troy with Helen. This abduction and violation of all rules of hospitality launched 1000 (Greek) ships to bring Helen back to Menelaus. Meanwhile, King Agamemnon of Mycenae, summoned the tribal kings from all over Greece to come to the aid of his cuckolded brother. Two of his best men one a strategist and the other a great warrior were Odysseus (aka Ulysses) of Ithaca, who would later come up with the idea of the Trojan Horse, and Achilles of Phthia, who may have married Helen in the Afterlife. Neither of these men wanted to join the fray; so they each devised a draft-dodging ruse worthy of M.A.S.H.s Klinger. Odysseus feigned madness by plowing his field destructively, perhaps with mismatched draft animals, perhaps with salt (a powerful destructive agent used according to legend at least one other time by the Romans on Carthage). Agamemnons messenger placed Telemachus, Odysseus infant son, on the path of the plough. When Odysseus swerved to avoid killing him, he was recognized as sane. Achilles with blame for cowardice conveniently laid at the feet of his mother, Thetis was made to look like and live with the maidens. Odysseus tricked him with the lure of a peddlers bag of trinkets. All the other maidens reached for the ornaments, but Achilles grabbed the sword stuck in their midst. The Greek (Achaean) leaders met together at Aulis where they awaited Agamemnons command to set sail. When an inordinate amount of time had passed and the winds still remained unfavorable, Agamemnon sought the services of Calchas the seer. Calchas told him that Artemis was angry with Agamemnon perhaps because he had promised her his finest sheep as a sacrifice to the goddess, but when the time came to sacrifice a golden sheep, he had, instead, substituted an ordinary one and to appease her, Agamemnon must sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia .... Upon the death of Iphigenia, the winds became favorable and the fleet set sail. Â   Trojan War FAQs [Summary: The head of the Greek forces was the proud king Agamemnon. He had killed his own daughter, Iphigenia, in order to appease the goddess Artemis (big sister of Apollo, and one of the children of Zeus and Leto), who was angry with Agamemnon and so, had stalled the Greek forces on the coast, at Aulis. In order to set sail for Troy they needed a favorable wind, but Artemis ensured the winds would fail to cooperate until Agamemnon had satisfied her by performing the required sacrifice of his own daughter. Once Artemis was satisfied, the Greeks set sail for Troy where to fight the Trojan War.] Agamemnon did not stay in the good graces of either of the children of Leto for long. He soon incurred the wrath of her son, Apollo. In revenge, Apollo the mouse god caused an outbreak of plague to lay the troops low. Agamemnon and Achilles had received the young women Chryseis and Briseis as prizes of war or war brides. Chryseis was the daughter of Chryses, who was a priest of Apollo. Chryses wanted his daughter back and even offered a ransom, but Agamemnon refused. Calchas the seer advised Agamemnon on the connection between his behavior toward the priest of Apollo and the plague that was decimating his army. Agamemnon had to return Chryseis to the priest of Apollo if he wanted the plague to end. After much Greek suffering, Agamemnon agreed to the recommendation of Calchas the seer, but only on condition that he take possession of the war prize of Achilles Briseis as a replacement. A minor point to think about: When Agamemnon had sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia, he hadnt required his fellow Greek aristocrats to give him a new daughter. No one could stop Agamemnon. Achilles was enraged. The honor of the leader of the Greeks, Agamemnon, had been assuaged, but what about the honor of the greatest of the Greek heroes Achilles? Following the dictates of his own conscience, Achilles could no longer cooperate, so he withdrew his troops (the Myrmidons) and sat on the sidelines. With the help of fickle gods, the Trojans began to inflict heavy personal damages on the Greeks, as Achilles and the Myrmidons sat on the sidelines. Patroclus, Achilles friend (or lover), persuaded Achilles that his Myrmidons would make the difference in the battle, so Achilles let Patroclus take his men as well as Achilles personal armor so that Patroclus would appear to be Achilles in the battlefield. It worked, but since Patroclus was not so great a warrior as Achilles, Prince Hector, the noble son of Trojan King Priam, struck Patroclus down. What even Patroclus words had failed to do, Hector accomplished. The death of Patroclus spurred Achilles into action and armed with a new shield forged by Hephaestus, the blacksmith of the gods (as a favor for Achilles sea goddess mother Thetis) Achilles went into battle. Achilles soon avenged himself. After killing Hector, he tied the body to the back of his war chariot, The grief-maddened Achilles then dragged Hectors corpse through the sand and dirt for days. In time, Achilles calmed down and returned the corpse of Hector to his grieving father. In a later battle, Achilles was killed by an arrow to the one part of his body Thetis had held when she had dipped the baby Achilles into the River Styx to confer immortality. With Achilles death, the Greeks lost their greatest fighter, but they still had their best weapon. [Summary: The greatest of the Greek heroes Achilles was dead. The 10-year Trojan War, which had begun when the Greeks set sail to retrieve Menelaus wife, Helen, form the Trojans, was at a stalemate.] Crafty Odysseus devised a plan that ultimately doomed the Trojans. Sending all the Greek ships away or into hiding, it appeared to the Trojans that the Greeks had given up. The Greeks left a parting gift in front of the walls of the city of Troy. it was a giant wooden horse which appeared to be an offering to Athena a peace offering. The jubilant Trojans dragged the monstrous, wheeled, wooden horse into their city to celebrate the end of the 10 years of fighting. Who Really Built the Trojan Horse?What Is the Trojan Horse? But beware of Greeks bearing gifts! Having won the war, the filicidal King Agamemnon went back to his wife for the reward he so richly deserved. Ajax, who had lost out to Odysseus in the contest for Achilles arms, went crazy and killed himself. Odysseus set out on the voyage (Homer, according to tradition, tells in The Odyssey, which is the sequel to The Iliad) that made him more famous than his help with Troy. And Aphrodites son, the Trojan hero Aeneas, set out from his burning homeland carrying his father on his shoulders on his way to Dido, in Carthage, and, finally, to the land that was to become Rome. Were Helen and Menelaus reconciled? According to Odysseus they were, but thats part of a future story.

Definition and History of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Definition and History of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the  linguistic theory that the semantic structure of a language shapes or limits the ways in which a speaker forms conceptions of the world. It came about in 1929. The theory is named after the American anthropological linguist Edward Sapir (1884–1939) and his student Benjamin Whorf (1897–1941). It is also known as the  theory of linguistic relativity, linguistic relativism, linguistic determinism, Whorfian hypothesis, and Whorfianism. History of the Theory The idea that a persons native language determines how he or she thinks was popular among behaviorists of the 1930s and on until cognitive psychology theories came about, beginning in the 1950s and increasing in influence in the 1960s. (Behaviorism taught that behavior is a result of external conditioning and doesnt take feelings, emotions, and thoughts into account as affecting behavior. Cognitive psychology studies mental processes such as creative thinking, problem-solving, and attention.) Author Lera Boroditsky gave some background on ideas about the connections between languages and thought: The question of whether languages shape the way we think goes back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that to have a second language is to have a second soul. But the idea went out of favor with scientists when  Noam Chomskys theories of language gained popularity in the 1960s and 70s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that there is a  universal grammar  for all human languages- essentially, that languages dont really differ from one another in significant ways....  (Lost in Translation. The Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2010) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was taught in courses through the early 1970s and had become widely accepted as truth, but then it fell out of favor. By the 1990s, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was left for dead, author Steven Pinker wrote. The cognitive revolution in psychology, which made the study of pure thought possible, and a number of studies showing meager effects of language on concepts, appeared to kill the concept in the 1990s... But recently it has been resurrected, and neo-Whorfianism is now an active research topic in  psycholinguistics. (The Stuff of Thought. Viking, 2007) Neo-Whorfianism is essentially a weaker version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and says that language  influences  a speakers view of the world but does not inescapably determine it. The Theorys Flaws One big problem with the original Sapir-Whorf hypothesis stems from the idea that if a persons language has no word for a particular concept, then that person would not be able to understand that concept, which is untrue.  Language doesnt necessarily control humans ability to reason or have an emotional response to something or some idea. For example, take the German word  sturmfrei, which essentially is the feeling when you have the whole house to yourself because your parents or roommates are away. Just because English doesnt have a single word for the idea doesnt mean that Americans cant understand the concept. Theres also the chicken and egg problem with the theory. Languages, of course, are human creations, tools we invent and hone to suit our needs,  Boroditsky continued. Simply showing that speakers of different languages think differently doesnt tell us whether its language that shapes thought or the other way around.

Wireless Technologies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wireless Technologies - Research Paper Example This paper aims to discuss wireless technologies with respect to its initial development, current status and the future prospects. Introduction to Wireless Technologies Few decades back the wireless technology was an unreal phenomenon for a common man but today millions of people communicate with each other through the wireless networks. This clearly represents that the wireless technology has undergone tremendous success in the last few years which has made it not only publically available rather it has also advanced the computer communication systems. In broader terms, wireless technology has its roots in the radio waves which travel through the space with the help of electronic signals (Mathias, 2004). Comer in his book related to the computer networking argues that no single model can actually explain the real theory behind the development of wireless technology (Comer, 2008). However, this can only be understood by rigorously investigating the initial development of electricity, electromagnetism and the radio waves. Although the wireless technology is significantly complex in nature but it has brought flexibility, value and ease in terms of communication and business networking. It functions on the basis of electromagnetic energy such as the radio waves, laser, infrared etc. The most common examples of wireless technology are the T.V. remote controller and the cellular devices. In internet or Local Area Networks more complex forms of data transferring systems are used which help in fast communication between two or more computers. This signifies that the fundamental purpose of wireless technologies is to provide safe and reliable platform for data transference. Hence the modern scientists are now striving to increase the strength of wireless internet (Mathias, 2004). Wireless Technologies of the Past How and why Wireless Technology was first developed? Research indicates that the wireless technology was actually initiated some 200 years ago when Benjamin F ranklin conducted his renowned kite experiment. The radios, mobile phones and the internet that we use today are a result of continuous improvement and experiments over the time. Wireless Technology does not evolved through single experiment rather it was followed by electromagnetic theory, highly significant inventions and the development of radio waves (Mathias, 2004). In 1747, Franklin actually proposed an electricity model which gave way to the development of fast, highly reliable and cheap wireless system. Franklin was primarily working on the electricity generation however, during his experiments he realized and later concluded that electricity can actually move through the air medium. In 1819, A Danish physicist identified the astonishing relationship between magnetic and electric field. He observed that the needle of a compass was moving when placed into the electric field. This phenomenon was later termed as electromagnetism. Michael Faraday, in 1831 built the very first ge nerator which was operated through direct current. Although his experiment was not beneficial in the way of wireless technology but it did provide a clear way to the future scientists to work upon (Mathias, 2004). Later James Clerk Maxwell gave the theories on electromagnetic waves travelling through the space. These actually laid the foundation of wireless technology. These equations were then used by Heinrich Hertz who invented the oscillator in 1887 which helped in the creation of radio waves. Thereafter the FM radio, electronic tube and the digital decoding systems were developed. These were then linked with the wireless

Physics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physics - Assignment Example The universe comprises of millions of super clusters. These super clusters consist of hundreds of different sized galaxies. Of such a super cluster is our earth a part of. The super cluster consists of galaxies in the form of groups. The galaxy in which earth is situated is called Milky Way and is situated in a group called the local group which comprises of more than 30 galaxies (Caprara & Harris, 2003). The Milky Way is made up of a number of stars and constellations of stars, planets, rocks, sun, gaseous elements and other such similar things. Our earth is the part of a solar system which lies in the Milky Way galaxy. Our earth is the third planet from the sun. The Milky Way galaxy is extended in a number of directions and these extensions have been named as arms. The name of the arms has been given by the name of the constellation which can be observed in that particular direction. Orion spur is the name of one its minor arm in which our solar system is situated. It is placed at the far edge of the galaxy. The sun is approximately at a distance of 26,000 to 28,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. 2. Electromagnetic Spectrum has been divided into different regions according to the difference in the values of the frequency and wavelength. Following are the types of waves comprising of the electromagnetic spectrum and their applications: 1.

Stats1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stats1 - Essay Example For example, one may talk about the population of all individuals in US whose IQ is over 120; or one may talk about the population of all electric light bulbs ever produced by Phillips. Every population is characterized by measurable quantities called parameters. If parameter of a population is known, the whole population is known completely. Sample is a part of the population. The quantities measured from the sample are known as sample statistics. Sample statistics are used to estimate population parameters. While in a given population the parameter is constant, the value of statistic varies from one sample to the other. The population mean is a population parameter while average computed from a sample of size 20, say, from the same population, is a sample statistic which may be used to estimate the unknown population parameter. A different sample of size 20 may provide a different value of the sample mean. 3. When a sample is observed instead of the whole population, sampling error is caused. A sample is observed to understand the whole population. The population parameter is not known, but is estimated using the corresponding sample statistic. The difference between the parameter and the statistic is a measure of the sampling error. 4. An experiment is conducted under the control of an experimenter. An experiment is opposite of an observational research, where the researcher observes the study units and records observations. In an experiment, the researcher sets up the experimental conditions and controls them as per his/her research hypotheses. 5. This is an experimental study. Correlational study finds correlation among different variables from the same group of observations. Here two equivalent groups are compared in terms of effects of breakfast on performance. Finding correlation is not the aim of the study. But testing whether there exists any difference between the two otherwise equivalent groups when treated with two types of breakfast is the main ob jective. There is one case and one control group. Hence this is an example of experiment. 6. Nominal scale is essentially a classification. Even though the classes may have numerical identifications, such as 1, 2 etc, their nomenclature is important but not the values. Suppose in a town there are two groups of hospitals: general and mental. If general hospitals are called Group 1 and mental hospitals are called Group 2, this will be an example of nominal variable. If we interchange the order, there will be no effect. For ordinal scale the ordering is important, but by how much one level is more than the other, cannot be measured. Suppose blood pressure is classified as normal, high-normal and high. In this classification there is a hierarchy but the difference between normal and high-normal and high-normal and high cannot be quantified. Interval scale can compare the lengths of intervals. For example, if a flight starts at 6:00 hrs and reaches its destination at 8:30 hrs and another flight starts from the same origin at 6:30 hrs and reaches the same destination at 10:00 hrs, the lengths of the flights are comparable and the difference measurable. For interval scale measurements, the beginning and the end are fixed. In mathematical term, in interval scale there is no concept os an absolute zero. But it contains more information than ordinal scale variables, since its lengths are quantifiable, which is not possible in case of ordinal variable.

Aerobic Bacteria Associated with Septic Abortion

Aerobic Bacteria Associated with Septic Abortion Aerobic bacteria associated with septic abortion among Sudanese women Yagoub Hamadt Allah Elhaj Abd Elseed1*, Mohamed, A E.M. Ibrahim2 Waled Amen Mohammed Ahmed3 Abstract Background: Septic abortion is a common health problem with short- and long-term complications that affect the quality of life of those fortunate enough to avoid mortality. Both spontaneous and induced abortion may result in septic complications. Objective: This study aimed to isolate and identify aerobic bacterial causative agents of septic abortion in Sudan. Method: A descriptive study was conducted in the period from March 2013 till June 2013 in Gynecological Unit in Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Thirty women with vaginal bleeding in the unit were included in the study. Thirty high vaginal swabs and cervical swabs were collected from the selected ladies admitted to the hospital with bleeding. Results: The prevalence of abortion was as fallows, in age group(20-25) abortion cases were (13.3%), in group(26-30) abortion cases were (33.3%), in group(31-35) cases were (20%), in group(36-40) cases were (33.3%) (P > 0.05). Isolated bacteria from those cases were; Staphylococcus epidermidis (86.2%), Klebsiella ozaenae (6.9%), Proteus mirabilis (3.4%), Escherichia coli (3.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%). The present study showed that induced abortion (73.3%) was insignificantly more than habitual abortion (26.3%), (P=0.07). Conclusion: The major isolated organism was Staphylococcus epidermidis (86.2%), which was isolated from both complete and initial cases. But aerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated were Klebseilla ozaenae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Keywords: Septic abortion, vaginal swab, pregnant women, Stahpylococcus epidermidis. Introduction: Septic abortions contribute significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Improving literacy rate in the female population and effective family planning should reduce its incidence [1]. In 1900, the rationale of therapy of the incomplete septic abortion was divided into a medical or surgical approach. Medical therapy comprising oxytocic, bed rest and supportive measures theoretically decreased the incidence of sepsis, while increasing the problem of blood loss and prolonged hospitalization. The surgical approach classified by some as controlled blood loss but theoretically increased the incidence of sepsis [1]. In 1973, a report described an adolescent admitted to a large Boston Teaching Hospital with what proved to be incomplete septic abortion [2]. Deaths from illegal abortion are mainly due to infection[2,3].Additional to that At 1990 a review of deaths due to abortion in the united states noted that 62 percent of the deaths from illegal abortion and 51 percent of deaths from spontaneous abortion were due to infection, as compared which only 21 percent of death from legal abortion [4] . Mccormick (I944) estimated that 3,500 women died annually in America from this complication of pregnancy and a recent estimate in Turkey suggested that 10,000 women a year died from this cause in that country[5]. A recent publication by Sedgh et al. (2007) estimated that a total of 42 million abortions were performed in 2003, down from 46 million estimated for 1995 using the same methods. The same study showed that 20% of all pregnancies, including miscarriages and stillbirths, terminate in abortion each year. This means that one out of every five pregnancies worldwide is voluntarily terminated annually, a statistic that illustrates its enormous dimensions. Expressed another way, the worldwide rate of induced abortion was approximately 29 per 1000 women between ages 15 and 44 years in 2003, down from 35 per 1000 in 1995. This means that globally one out of every 34 women within that age range has an abortion each year [6]. On the basis of verbal autopsy data and hospital records it is estimated that approximately 25% of maternal deaths are caused by hemorrhage, 15% by infection,12% by pregnancy-induced hypertension, and 8% by obstructed labor[7]. At the last years it has been observed that there is an increase in the prevalence of septic abortion among pregnant women, and its complication upon community. Septic abortion is considered nowadays one of the most important issues concerning Maternal health .There are not much studies traced in Sudan investigating the septic abortion prevalence and its causative agent. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and identify aerobic bacterial causative agents of septic abortion in Khartoum, Sudan. Material and Method This is a descriptive study. It had been conducted among pregnant women in age of (20 – 40 ) years, who are being admitted to the Gynecology bleeding emergency room of Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan, in the period from March 2013 till June 2013. High vaginal swabs: After the introduction of the speculum, the swab should be rolled firmly over the surface of the vaginal vault. The swab should then be placed in Amies transport medium with charcoal or/and Stuarts transport medium. Cervical swabs: After introduction of the speculum to the vagina, the swab should be rotated inside the endocervix. The swab should then be placed in Amies transport medium with charcoal or Stuarts transport medium. Then all collected specimens were inoculated on Blood agar (aerobic 370c), chocolate agar (aerobic 370c and 5-10% co2) and Macconkey agar (aerobic 370c). Incubated for overnight based on report done by Fawad A. et al 2008[8], when puerperal sepsis or septic abortion is suspected inoculate the specimen on two plates of blood agar and incubate aerobically at 35–370C overnight. Inoculate the specimen on Macconkey agar and incubate the plate aerobically at 35–370c overnight [8]. Examine the colonies for Gram stained smear: It is done to examine the smear for pus cells and bacteria (8). Identification tests: done to identify the pathogenic bacteria include Catalase test, Coagulase test, Deoxyriboneuclease test, Kligler iron agar, Citrate utilization test, Simmons citrate agar, Urease test, Indole test, Sugar fermentation test and Methyl Red test. Results: The total number of 30 samples were collected from pregnant women suffering from bleeding, out of these 11 specimens (36.67%) were collected after complete abortion, whilst 19 (63.33%) samples were collected at initial time of bleeding, as indicated in Table (1) . Table (1): The collected specimens time from women with bleeding in Khartoum Teaching Hospital. Parameter Number Percentage Specimens collected after complete abortion 11 36.67% Specimens collected at initial time of bleeding 19 63.33% Total cases 30 100% According to demographic characters, septic abortion appearing more frequently at the age of 26-30 and 36-40 and most cases were induced abortion (73.3%) as shown in Table (2). Table (2): Demographic characteristics of women attending with bleeding Khartoum Teaching Hospital: Demographic character Frequency Percentage Age categories 20-25 4 13.34% 26-30 10 33.33% 31-35 6 20% 36 40 10 33.33% Total 30 100% Type of abortion Habitual 8 26.67% Induced 22 73.33% Total 30 100% Types of aerobic bacteria isolated from specimens collected at complete stage of abortion were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebseilla ozaenae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from both initial stage and complete stage of abortion. It was isolated from 14 specimens out of 19 specimens, Table (3). Table (3): Number of different bacteria isolate from septic abortion cases from women attending to Khartoum Teaching Hospital. Parameter Organism isolated Frequency Percentage Organism isolated from complete stage of abortion Staphylococcus epidermidis 6 54.5% Klebsiella ozaenae 2 18.2% Staph. aureus 1 9.1% Escherichia coli 1 9.1% Proteus mirabilis 1 9.1% Total 11 100% Organism isolated from initial stage of abortion Staphylococcus epidermidis 14 73.68% No growth 5 26.32% Total 19 100% Table(4): Relationship between the age of women, and type of abortion and the time of specimens in Khartoum Teaching Hospital Demographic character Complete abortion n(%) Initial abortion n(%) p-value Age categories 20-25 1 (9.1%) 3 (15.8%) 0.08 26-30 4 (36.3%) 6 (31.6%) 31-35 2 (18.2%) 4 (21.1%) 36 40 5 (45.4%) 5 (26.3%) Type of abortion Habitual 3 (27.27%) 5 (26.32%) 0.07 Induced 8 (72.73) 14(73.68%) Discussion: Out of 30 cases involved in this study 11 (36.67%) cases were caused by aerobic bacteria which may indicate that abortion may be caused by other causative agents than aerobic bacteria. The Percentage of septic abortion have been notably decreased , this is mostly because health care provider contribute significantly to reduce the expose of woman to septic complication by providing surfaces in a safe environment, this is un consistent with other published reviews[9]. The highest incidence were in age group 26-30 also in group36-40 (P > 0.05) the incidence were high , which is in inconsistent with other published reviews in other countries [9] ,but its consistent with the research of (Fawad, et al 2008) who found that the majority of patient were of middle age[8]. Also habitual abortion occupied about (27.3%) (P > 0.05) and induced abortion about (72.7%) (P > 0.05). Earlier published review showed that most isolated organism was Escherichia coli (20%) ,either alone or in combination with other bacteria ,which is inconsistent with our study (9.1%). Also the reviewer isolate Proteus mirabilis in combination with Escherichia coli (6%), in our study we found Proteus mirabilis (9.1%) [5]. The percentage of Klebsiella ozaenae isolate was (18.2%) which is higher than pervious study (Isibor, et.al 2011) with percentage of (4.4%) among pregnant woman [10] Staphylococcus aureus isolate percentage was (9.1%) in disagree with study done by (Isibor, et al 2011), which found that Staphylococcus aureus occupies about (26.7%). this may be attributed to immune status of the individual, personal hygiene and the proximity of the vagina to urethra [11]. References Atrash H.K., Lawson H.W., Smith J.C., Legal abortion in the US : trends and mortality . Contemp Ob/Gyn, 1990;p35(2);58-69. jewett J.F., septic induce abortion . N Engl J Med,1973,p289:9-748. Cates W .Jr. , Rochat R.W. , Smith J.C. , Taylor C.W. Jr., Trends and national abortion mortality ,United State,1940-1974:implification for prevention of future abortion deaths .Adv Plann Parent 1976,11:106-13. Cates W.Jr. , rochat R.W., Ilegal abortion in the united states:1972-1974.Fam Plann perspect1976;8:86-92. Botes M., The Parameters of Septic Abortion, S.A. Journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 11 September 1971, p4 ;37-41. Sedgh G., Henshaw S., Singh S., Ahman E., and Shah I.H.,Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide. Lancet ,2007 ,p370: 1338–1345. Sedgh G., Henshaw S., Singh S., Ahman E., and Shah I.H.,Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide. Lancet ,2007 ,p370: 1338–1345. Fawad A., Nazk H., K. Anisa , Septic induced abortion , J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad ,2008,20. Osazuwa H., Aziken M., Septic abortion: a review of social and demographic characteristics , Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. ,2007,p 275:117–119. Isibor J. O., Samuel S. O., Nwaham C. I., Amanre I. N., Igbinovia O., and Akhile A. O., Prevalence of bacterial and Candida albicans infection amongst women attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria, African Journal of Microbiology Research, Vol.30 ,September, 2011, p 5(20),. 3126-3130 Rosenow E. C., Studies in Elective Localization, Jour. Dent. Research, vol. 1, No. 3, September, 1919,52.